“De-banking” is the practice by which a bank closes a customer’s account or refuses to provide banking services, often on the basis of risk rather than proven wrongdoing. While banks have always had the ability to terminate customer relationships, de-banking has become increasingly controversial in recent years. High-profile cases involving

The Evolution of FSMA and Collective Actions [2025 Guide] Over the past two decades, the landscape of securities litigation in the United Kingdom has undergone a radical transformation. Once marginal, complex, and largely uncertain, collective claims for losses suffered by investors in publicly traded companies especially under statutory provisions have

Your Guide to the Upper Tribunal Receiving a Decision Notice from the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) is a defining moment for any regulated individual or firm. It signifies that the regulator has completed its investigation, the Regulatory Decisions Committee (RDC) has reviewed the case, and the RDC has decided to

Can English courts block U.S. discovery? Cross-border litigation often resembles a high-stakes chess match, where moves made on one side of the Atlantic can drastically alter the game on the other. For legal practitioners involved in international disputes, understanding how different jurisdictions interact is not just academic—it is a strategic

For decades, the Arbitration Act of 1996 has been the bedrock of English arbitration, providing a robust framework that has made London a leading global seat for resolving complex disputes. However, as commerce evolves, so too must the laws that govern it. A significant development is the Arbitration Act 2025,

The landscape of commercial fraud claims has been significantly altered by a recent landmark decision from the Privy Council. In Credit Suisse Life (Bermuda) Ltd v Ivanishvili, the court delivered a judgment that reshapes the understanding of the tort of deceit, making it more accessible for victims of misrepresentation to